Tucson, AZ Compaction Grounting 6.2021

Wednesday, June 30th, 2021 by Miguel Ramirez

Challenge

The Homeowners of this 1975’s house noticed some problems with the foundation, so they preferred to call Arizona Foundation Solutions for an accurate diagnose.

The signs of stress included:

Cracks on the ceiling
Floor tile started to bend upwards
Wall-cracks by the windows
Wall-cracks from the outside by the windows

Every Foundation project starts with a level (A) inspection was made to see any visible damages. However, an additional (B) inspection had to get done due to the circumstances, so we needed an engineering perspective.

Exterior Inspection: The exterior of the location was visually inspected. Items such as foundation cracks, exterior wall cracks, improper grading, type of structure, poor drainage, gutters or no gutters, bowed retaining walls, large trees close to the foundation and any type of obstructions that may or may not influence the repair process were noted and recorded.

Interior Inspection: The interior of the location was visually inspected. Items such as floor cracks, wall cracks, ceiling cracks, sloping floors, uneven counter tops, doors and windows that are out of alignment, cracked window glass and bowed walls were noted and recorded.

Manometer Survey: The manometer survey, also known as a floor survey, is a measurement of the differences of interior floor elevations. The flatness of the interior floor was measured using a highly accurate survey device known as a Manometer. The entire interior floor area was surveyed and the elevations were recorded. These data points were then entered into a computer program that provides a topographical map showing the high and low elevation contours of the floor surface. This topographical map shows where the foundation is no longer level and shows where support and stabilization is needed. The floor survey also demonstrates whether any floor slab heave or settlement exists.

After examining the home and performing the manometer survey, Arizona Foundation Solutions believes the home could be experiencing minor foundation settlement in the central portion of the home and at the southwest portion of the garage as shown by the lower readings on a Topographical Map. The drop off in floor elevations on the topographical map is consistent with a foundation settlement pattern. Settlement can be caused by one or any combination of many factors including sub-grade saturation of moisture due to poor drainage, years of storm runoff, plumbing leaks, improper compaction, the lack of a proper foundation system, and/or (in most cases) natural earth movement.

The Foundation Performance Association (FPA) “Guidelines for the Evaluation of Foundation Movement for Residential And Other Low-Rise Buildings” were adopted to correlate acceptable and unacceptable distress phenomena with actual survey elevations. Deflection and Tilt calculations were performed and compared to allowable values. For this engineered analysis, the deflection of the slab (L/536) was less than the allowable deflection limit of L/360. In addition, the tilt of the slab (0.08%) was less than the allowable tilt of 1.00%.

Solution

The settlement in the central and eastern portions of the home and at the southwest portion of the garage appears to be minor at this point in time. A protection plan has been designed to stop the area from any additional settlement and further damages. AZFS can permanently stabilize this area to protect the foundation from future settlement at the homeowners discretion.

Arizona Foundation Solutions believes that the proper way to deal with floor settlement, in the central portion of the home, is to compaction grout or poly level the low areas in distress. Either method can be acceptable depending on homeowner goals and are summarized as follows: Polylevel: this is done by drilling small 3/8” holes in the slab after which polyurethane grout is injected directly under the slab to raise it up to its Highest Practical Maximum.

Compaction Grouting: this is done by coring 2-3” diameter holes in the floor. The holes would be spaced approximately 6 to 8 feet on center. Steel casing is driven to refusal after which low very thick cement grout is pumped under high pressure. Polylevel is very economical but does not stabilize or improve any soils that need densifying. Compaction Grouting is several orders of magnitude more expensive however it does improve and stabilize any loose soils that are in need of improvement. Prior to installing compaction grout, AZFS recommends a soil sample be performed to determine what type of grout mix would be necessary.

Arizona Foundation Solutions believes that the proper way to permanently stop the perimeter foundation settlement is to underpin the areas that are experiencing movement. Underpinning is the process of installing deep foundation elements called piles. Piles are engineered foundation supports that are driven down past the unstable soils and are then locked up into load bearing strata, which can support the loads that are transferred to them. Once the piles have been installed, they can be used to lift the perimeter foundation up to its Highest Practical Maximum. The piles should be spaced approximately six to eight feet on center and should start and stop near the hinge points of movement (exact spacing to be determined after load bearing calculations). In this case, the piles would be located at the eastern portion of the home and at the southwest portion of the garage. The garage slab can then be treated by injecting a lightweight expansive polyurethane to fill existing voids and lift the floor slab. This is done by drilling small 3/8” holes in the slab after which polyurethane grout is injected directly under the slab to raise it up to its Highest Practical Maximum. Using the expansive materials will help prevent additional slab settlement by compacting the upper layer of soil as it expands.

Since storm runoff is responsible for the majority of the moisture that pools next to the foundation, gutters need to be installed to prevent the storm runoff from increasing the amount of foundation movement. A proper gutter system should be installed to discharge the storm runoff a minimum of 10 feet, preferably 20 feet away from the foundation. We do not recommend installing gutters that discharge next to the foundation as this will only increase the probability of a foundation problem.